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Neutrophils, previously considered a homogeneous immune cell population, exhibit substantial heterogeneity. Their diverse phenotypic and functional states are shaped by tissue microenvironments and disease-specific signals. However, the lack of robust fate-mapping methods and standardized classification criteria has led to overlapping and ambiguous descriptions of neutrophil heterogeneity. The growing number of neutrophil subpopulations reported in recent years highlights the need for a standardized framework to report how they might relate to each other. Here, we propose a framework that integrates maturation, tissue localization, and functional adaptations. This standardized system aims to harmonize research efforts, foster clearer cross-disciplinary communication, and accelerate both fundamental discoveries in neutrophil biology and the development of targeted therapies.

Original publication

DOI

10.1016/j.immuni.2025.07.011

Type

Journal article

Journal

Immunity

Publication Date

29/07/2025

Keywords

MDSCs, TANs, consensus statement, neutrophil adaptation, neutrophil classification framework, neutrophil heterogeneity, neutrophil maturation