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T helper (Th) cells are CD4+ effector T cells that play a critical role in immunity by shaping the inflammatory cytokine environment in a variety of physiological and pathological situations. Using a combined chemico-genetic approach, we identify histone H3K27 demethylases KDM6A and KDM6B as central regulators of human Th subsets. The prototypic KDM6 inhibitor GSK-J4 increases genome-wide levels of the repressive H3K27me3 chromatin mark and leads to suppression of the key transcription factor RORγt during Th17 differentiation. In mature Th17 cells, GSK-J4 induces an altered transcriptional program with a profound metabolic reprogramming and concomitant suppression of IL-17 cytokine levels and reduced proliferation. Single-cell analysis reveals a specific shift from highly inflammatory cell subsets toward a resting state upon demethylase inhibition. The root cause of the observed antiinflammatory phenotype in stimulated Th17 cells is reduced expression of key metabolic transcription factors, such as PPRC1. Overall, this leads to reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, resulting in a metabolic switch with concomitant antiinflammatory effects. These data are consistent with an effect of GSK-J4 on Th17 T cell differentiation pathways directly related to proliferation and include regulation of effector cytokine profiles. This suggests that inhibiting KDM6 demethylases may be an effective, even in the short term, therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis.

Original publication

DOI

10.1073/pnas.1919893117

Type

Journal article

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Publication Date

17/03/2020

Volume

117

Pages

6056 - 6066

Keywords

Th17 cells, epigenetics, histone demethylase, inflammation, metabolism, Autoimmune Diseases, Benzazepines, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Down-Regulation, Histone Code, Histone Demethylases, Histones, Humans, Interleukin-17, Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases, Primary Cell Culture, Pyrimidines, RNA-Seq, Spondylitis, Ankylosing, Th17 Cells, Transcription Factors